The role of destination carrying capacity within the framework of flow theory

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13331419

Keywords:

Destination carrying capacity, Flow theory, Sustainable tourism

Abstract

This study addresses the critical relationship between tourist destination carrying capacity and flow theory. In this way, a framework has been drawn by focusing on its complex impact on sustainable destination management. Tourism carrying capacity, defined as the maximum number of tourists that a destination can accommodate without compromising environmental integrity, the well-being of local people or visitor satisfaction, is of central importance in ensuring long-term sustainability. At the same time, flow theory, which defines the state of commitment and satisfaction experienced by individuals, provides an important framework for improving the quality of tourist experiences. This article argues that balancing the carrying capacity of a destination with the principles of flow theory is vital for both environmental sustainability and high-quality visitor experiences. Although issues related to carrying capacity are frequently studied, providing a perspective within the framework of flow theory can provide a better understanding of the existing realities of destination management mechanisms. In this context, the originality of this study is that the literature is examined from a theoretical perspective and the problems related to carrying capacity management are explained from different perspectives. As a result of the theoretical findings, managerial and theoretical suggestions are presented.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Yusuf Karakuş, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University

Yusuf Karakuş, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University

He completed his undergraduate education at Erciyes University, Department of Tourism Management and Hotel Management. He prepared his Ph.D thesis titled "New product development model for touristic regions: An application on Nevsehir province" at Nevsehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University in 2017 and earned the title of Doctor. He started to work as Assis. Prof. at Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Ardeşen Vocational High School in 2021 and as of 2023, he has been working as Assoc. Prof. at Ardeşen Tourism Faculty.

His research interest areas: Tourism product, Destination marketing and management, Decision making in tourism research.

Eren Erkılıç, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University

Eren Erkılıç, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University

Associate Professor Doctor. He completed his doctorate in Tourism Management at Atatürk University and his master's degree at Afyon Kocatepe University. In 2012, he started his academic life as a lecturer at Ardeşen Vocational School at Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University. As of 2023, he has been working as an Associate Professor at Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Ardeşen Tourism Faculty.

His research interests are; human resources management in tourism enterprises, organizational behavior, social media, alternative tourism and local people. She is a referee in national and international journals.

References

Adam, S. M. (2024). Assessment of Marine Tourism Carrying Capacity: A Case Study at Kapas Island Marine Park, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v14-i1/18129

Ajuhari, Z., Aziz, A., Yaakob, S. S. N., Abu Bakar, S., & Mariapan, M. (2023). Systematic literature review on methods of assessing carrying capacity in recreation and tourism destinations. Sustainability, 15(4), 3474.

An, S., Choi, Y., & Lee, C.-K. (2021). Virtual travel experience and destination marketing: Effects of sense and information quality on flow and visit intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100492.

Bardhan, S. (2024). Optimizing Tourist Flows Through Operative Carrying Capacity Assessment: The Case of Bakkhali Coastal Tourism, W.B., India. Sustain. Social Dev., 2(3), 2550. https://doi.org/10.54517/ssd.v2i3.2550

Beritelli, P., Reinhold, S., & Laesser, C. (2020). Visitor flows, trajectories and corridors: Planning and designing places from the traveler’s point of view. Annals of Tourism Research, 82, 102936.

Buckley, R. (2007). Adventure tourism products: Price, duration, size, skill, remoteness. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1428–1433.

Buckley, R. (2012). Sustainable tourism: Research and reality. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 528–546.

Butler, R. W. (1991). Tourism, environment, and sustainable development. Environmental Conservation, 18(3), 201–209.

Camisón, C. (2020). Competitiveness and sustainability in tourist firms and destinations. In Sustainability (Vol. 12, Issue 6, p. 2388). MDPI.

Candia, S., Pirlone, F., & Spadaro, I. (2020). Integrating the Carrying Capacity Methodology Into Tourism Strategic Plans: A Sustainable Approach to Tourism. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 15(3), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.150317

Cao, X., Liu, X., Jiang, X., & Wang, Z. (2007). Recommend the theory of flow of positive psychology. Journal of Gannan Normal University, 4, 25–29.

Chen, Q., & Tang, X. (2023). A Summary of Research on Flow Theory Based Interactive Mobile Advertising Design. 420–427. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-018-3_48

Cros, H. du. (2008). Too much of a good thing? Visitor congestion management issues for popular world heritage tourist attractions. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 2(3), 225–238.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). The flow experience and its significance for human psychology. Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness, 2, 15–35.

da Silva deMatos, N. M., de Sa, E. S., & de Oliveira Duarte, P. A. (2021). A review and extension of the flow experience concept. Insights and directions for Tourism research. Tourism Management Perspectives, 38, 100802.

deMatos, N. M. da S., Duarte, P. A. de O., & Sá, E. S. de. (2024). Once-in-a-lifetime leisure experiences (OLLE): The role of Flow, novelty, and interpersonal interaction on tourists’ satisfaction and memories. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 30(3), 615–632.

Dou, X. (2022). Analysis of the evolution of temporal and spatial characteristics of inbound tourism flow since the western development drive. Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 5(9).

Engeser, S., & Rheinberg, F. (2008). Flow, performance and moderators of challenge-skill balance. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 158–172.

Glyptou, K., Kalogeras, N., Skuras, D., & Spilanis, Ι. (2022). Clustering Sustainable Destinations: Empirical Evidence From Selected Mediterranean Countries. Sustainability, 14(9), 5507. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095507

Gössling, S., & Hall, C. M. (2006). Uncertainties in predicting tourist flows under scenarios of climate change. Climatic Change, 79(3), 163–173.

Griffin, T., & Edwards, D. (2012). Importance–performance Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool for Urban Destination Managers. Anatolia, 23(1), 32–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2011.653630

Gu, F., Jiang, K., Ding, Y., & Fan, X. (2023). Predicting Urban Tourism Flow with Tourism Digital Footprints Based on Deep Learning. KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst., 17(4), 1162–1181.

Guiver, J., & Stanford, D. (2014). Why destination visitor travel planning falls between the cracks. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(3), 140–151.

Guo, Y., Jiang, J., & Li, S. (2019). A sustainable tourism policy research review. Sustainability, 11(11), 3187.

Haraldsson, H. V, & Ólafsdóttir, R. (2018). Evolution of tourism in natural destinations and dynamic sustainable thresholds over time. Sustainability, 10(12), 4788.

Harris, D. J., Allen, K. L., Vine, S. J., & Wilson, M. R. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between flow states and performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 693–721.

Hattingh, M. J., Matthee, M., & Lotriet, H. (2014). The Expatriate Flow Model - Towards Understanding Internet Usage in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. South African Computer Journal, 53. https://doi.org/10.18489/sacj.v53i0.197

Henry, F. S., Butler, J. P., & Tsuda, A. (2002). Kinematically Irreversible Acinar Flow: A Departure From Classical Dispersive Aerosol Transport Theories. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(2), 835–845. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00385.2001

Hohnemann, C., Schweig, S., Diestel, S., & Peifer, C. (2022). How feedback shapes flow experience in cognitive tasks: The role of locus of control and conscientiousness. Personality and Individual Differences, 184, 111166.

Hugo, N. C. (2020). Overtourism at heritage and cultural sites. Overtourism: Causes, Implications and Solutions, 169–185.

Jarvis, D., Stoeckl, N., & Liu, H.-B. (2016). The impact of economic, social and environmental factors on trip satisfaction and the likelihood of visitors returning. Tourism Management, 52, 1–18.

Jun, Z. (2017). Research on the Evolution of the Quantity and Quality of Inbound Tourism Flow in Henan Province. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 81, 12069. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/81/1/012069

Kaya, Ö. S., & Erçağ, E. (2023). The Impact of Applying Challenge-Based Gamification Program on Students’ Learning Outcomes: Academic Achievement, Motivation and Flow. Education and Information Technologies, 28(8), 10053–10078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11585-z

Kim, M. J., & Hall, C. M. (2019). A hedonic motivation model in virtual reality tourism: Comparing visitors and non-visitors. International Journal of Information Management, 46, 236–249.

Kim, M., & Thapa, B. (2018). Perceived value and flow experience: Application in a nature-based tourism context. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 373–384.

Knežević Cvelbar, L., Dwyer, L., Koman, M., & Mihalič, T. (2016). Drivers of destination competitiveness in tourism: a global investigation. Journal of Travel Research, 55(8), 1041–1050.

Kozak, M., & Martin, D. (2012). Tourism life cycle and sustainability analysis: Profit-focused strategies for mature destinations. Tourism Management, 33(1), 188–194.

Kuo, I. (2002). The effectiveness of environmental interpretation at resource‐Sensitive tourism destinations. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(2), 87–101.

Lam-González, Y. E., León, C. J., de León, J., & Suárez-Rojas, C. (2022). The Impact of Degradation of Islands’ Land Ecosystems Due to Climate Change on Tourists’ Travel Decisions. Land, 11(10), 1644.

Lan, X., & Li-ming, Z. (2013). Low-Carbon Tourism Research Based on System Dynamics. 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40063-6_34

Lin, C., & Joe, S. W. (2011). To Share or Not to Share: Assessing Knowledge Sharing, Interemployee Helping, and Their Antecedents Among Online Knowledge Workers. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(4), 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1100-x

Liu, X., Zhang, L., & Chen, Q. (2022). The Effects of Tourism E-Commerce Live Streaming Features on Consumer Purchase Intention: The Mediating Roles of Flow Experience and Trust. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.995129

Llausàsa, A., Vila-Subirós, J., Pueyo-Rosb, J., & Fraguell, R. M. (2019). Carrying Capacity as a Tourism Management Strategy in a Marine Protected Area. Conservation & Society, 17(4), 366–376. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26869207

Marion, J. L. (2016). A review and synthesis of recreation ecology research supporting carrying capacity and visitor use management decisionmaking. Journal of Forestry, 114(3), 339–351.

Marsiglio, S. (2017). On the carrying capacity and the optimal number of visitors in tourism destinations. Tourism Economics, 23(3), 632–646. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2015.0535

Massiani, D. P. J., & Santoro, G. (2012). The relevance of the concept of capacity for the management of a tourist destination: Theory and application to tourism management in Venice. Rivista Italiana Di Economia, Demografia e Statistica, 66(2), 141–156.

Mathwick, C., & Rigdon, E. E. (2004). Play, Flow, and the Online Search Experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1086/422111

McCool, S. F., & Lime, D. W. (2001). Tourism carrying capacity: tempting fantasy or useful reality? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(5), 372–388.

Moneta, G. B. (2004). The flow model of intrinsic motivation in Chinese: Cultural and personal moderators. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 181–217.

Nepal, R., Al Irsyad, M. I., & Nepal, S. K. (2019). Tourist arrivals, energy consumption and pollutant emissions in a developing economy–implications for sustainable tourism. Tourism Management, 72, 145–154.

Pektaş, F. (2023). Obese Destinations. Journal of Tourism Futures. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-08-2021-0204

Putri, I. A., & Ansari, F. (2021). Managing Nature-Based Tourism in Protected Karst Area Based on Tourism Carrying Capacity Analysis. Journal of Landscape Ecology, 14(2), 46–64. https://doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2021-0012

Ruiz, C., Delgado, N., García-Bello, M. Á., & Hernández-Fernaud, E. (2021). Exploring crowding in tourist settings: The importance of physical characteristics in visitor satisfaction. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20, 100619.

Santos, W. O. d., Bittencourt, I. I., Isotani, S., Dermeval, D., Marques, L. B., & Silveira, I. F. (2018). Flow Theory to Promote Learning in Educational Systems: Is It Really Relevant? Revista Brasileira De Informática Na Educação, 26(02), 29. https://doi.org/10.5753/rbie.2018.26.02.29

Santos, W. O. d., Bittencourt, I. I., Isotani, S., Silveira, I. F., & Marques, L. B. (2015). Challenges of Flow Theory Applied to Computers in Education. https://doi.org/10.5753/desafie.2015.10043

Sati, V. P. (2018). Carrying capacity analysis and destination development: A case study of Gangotri tourists/pilgrims’ circuit in the Himalaya. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(3), 312–322.

Saveriades, A. (2000). Establishing the social tourism carrying capacity for the tourist resorts of the east coast of the Republic of Cyprus. Tourism Management, 21(2), 147–156.

Schreyer, R., & Roggenbuck, J. W. (1978). The influence of experience expectations on crowding perceptions and social‐psychological carrying capacities. Leisure Sciences, 1(4), 373–394.

Shao-wen, L. I., & Du, S. (2021). An Empirical Study on the Coupling Coordination Relationship Between Cultural Tourism Industry Competitiveness and Tourism Flow. Sustainability, 13(10), 5525. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105525

Simón, F. J. G., Narangajavana, Y., & Marques, D. P. (2004). Carrying capacity in the tourism industry: a case study of Hengistbury Head. Tourism Management, 25(2), 275–283.

Sturiale, L., Scuderi, A., Timpanaro, G., & Matarazzo, B. (2020). Sustainable use and conservation of the environmental resources of the etna park (unesco heritage): Evaluation model supporting sustainable local development strategies. Sustainability, 12(4), 1453.

Telišman-Košuta, N., & Ivandić, N. (2021). Collaborative Destination Management Based on Carrying Capacity Assessment From Resident and Visitor Perspectives: A Case Study of Crikvenica-Vinodol Riviera, Croatia. 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69193-6_9

Tsaur, S.-H., Lin, W.-R., & Liu, J. S. (2013). Sources of challenge for adventure tourists: Scale development and validation. Tourism Management, 38, 85–93.

Tu, W., Huang, Z., & FANG, Y. (2021). Research on Spatial Difference and Dynamic Mechanism of Virtual Tourism Flow Based on Online Group Purchase. Smart Tourism, 3(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.54517/st.v3i1.1711

Vigl, L. E., Depellegrin, D., Pereira, P., de Groot, R., & Tappeiner, U. (2017). Mapping the ecosystem service delivery chain: Capacity, flow, and demand pertaining to aesthetic experiences in mountain landscapes. Science of the Total Environment, 574, 422–436.

Vujko, A., Plavša, J., Petrović, M. D., Radovanović, M., & Gajić, T. (2017). Modelling of Carrying Capacity in National Park - Fruška Gora (Serbia) Case Study. Open Geosciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2017-0005

Wahyuningputri, R. A. (2012). Ancol Jakarta Bay City as a Sustainable Destination Park: Assessing Crowd Based on Tourism Carrying Capacity. https://doi.org/10.2495/st120181

Wang, H.-L. (1996). A systematic approach to natural recreational resource management. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 30(1), 39–49.

Wang, J., Huang, X., Gong, Z., & Cao, K. (2020). Dynamic assessment of tourism carrying capacity and its impacts on tourism economic growth in urban tourism destinations in China. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 15, 100383.

Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, C., Yu, Y., Hu, Q., & Duan, X. (2021). Assessing tourism environmental psychological carrying capacity under different environmental situations. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(2), 132–146.

Wang, Z., & Pei, L. L. (2014). A Systems Thinking-Based Grey Model for Sustainability Evaluation of Urban Tourism. Kybernetes, 43(3/4), 462–479. https://doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2013-0137

Wati, Y. H. (2023). Study of Environmental Carrying Capacity on Three Potential Tourism Destinations of Lumajang Regency, East Java. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Ipa, 9(SpecialIssue), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9ispecialissue.6663

Weber, R., Tamborini, R., Westcott-Baker, A., & Kantor, B. Y. (2009). Theorizing Flow and Media Enjoyment as Cognitive Synchronization of Attentional and Reward Networks. Communication Theory, 19(4), 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2009.01352.x

Xu, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Study on the Influential Factors of the Social Platforms Users Loyalty: The Flow Theory Perspective——Take Mobile Short Video Software as an Example. https://doi.org/10.2991/sschd-18.2019.19

Yan, A. (2023). Neural Mechanisms and Benefits of Flow: A Meta Analysis. Journal of Psychology & Behavior Research, 6(1), p1. https://doi.org/10.22158/jpbr.v6n1p1

Yang, C., Lin, Z., Huang, J., & Cheng, T. (2021). A Dynamic Tax Model Based on Destination Lifecycle for Sustainable Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 62(1), 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211057596

Yang, H., & Lee, H. (2017). Exploring User Acceptance of Streaming Media Devices: An Extended Perspective of Flow Theory. Information Systems and E-Business Management, 16(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-017-0339-x

Zacarias, D., Williams, A. T., & Newton, A. (2011). Recreation Carrying Capacity Estimations to Support Beach Management at Praia De Faro, Portugal. Applied Geography, 31(3), 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.01.020

Downloads

Published

07/31/2024

How to Cite

Karakuş, Y., & Erkılıç, E. (2024). The role of destination carrying capacity within the framework of flow theory. Tourist Destination, 2(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13331419

Issue

Section

Theoretical paper